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The sum formula of citric acid is C₆H₈O₇, an important organic acid. It is a colorless crystal, odorless, has a strong acidic taste and is easily soluble in water. It is a natural preservative and food additive.

Sorbitol is easily soluble in water (1g in about 0.45ml water), but not in ethanol and acetic acid. It has fresh sweetness, about half the sweetness of sucrose, and its calorific value is similar to sucrose. When used as a sweetener, it will not cause tooth decay. In the food industry, it is mainly liquid sorbitol, with a content of 69% - 71%. Toxicity tests show that oral overdose may lead to diarrhea and indigestion.

The molecular formula of sorbitol is C6H14O6, which is the main product of photosynthesis of rosaceae plants. It is white hygroscopic powder or crystalline powder, flakes or granules, odorless. Depending on crystallization conditions, the melting point varies between 88 and 102 °C and the relative density is approximately 1.49.

Glucose​ plays an important role in biology and is an energy source and metabolic intermediate of living cells, i.e. the main energy supplier for living organisms. Plants can produce glucose by photosynthesis. It is widely used in confectionery manufacturing and pharmaceutical fields. Let us read the following words and know more about the glucose.