The chemical formula of fumaric acid is C4H4O4, a butene-derived carboxylic acid and a colorless, flammable crystal.

Aspartame can be added as a sugar substitute because of its extremely low calorie content and its high sweetness to beverages, pharmaceuticals or sugar-free chewing gum. The calorie content of aspartame is about 16.75 kJ/g, and 2.8 mg/dl aspartame can make people feel sweet, so the heat generated by a small amount of aspartame can be ignored.

The sum formula of citric acid is C₆H₈O₇, an important organic acid. It is a colorless crystal, odorless, has a strong acidic taste and is easily soluble in water. It is a natural preservative and food additive.

Sorbitol is easily soluble in water (1g in about 0.45ml water), but not in ethanol and acetic acid. It has fresh sweetness, about half the sweetness of sucrose, and its calorific value is similar to sucrose. When used as a sweetener, it will not cause tooth decay. In the food industry, it is mainly liquid sorbitol, with a content of 69% - 71%. Toxicity tests show that oral overdose may lead to diarrhea and indigestion.